An Ethical Dilemma Of Tube Feeding - 2091 Words

An Ethical Dilemma of Tube Feeding There are times that self-determination has opposition with the values and beliefs of health care providers. The five step ethical decision making model is in place for patients that are unable to make their own health care decisions due to incompetency; paternalism is not the method used anymore. â€Å"In relation to health care, paternalism manifests itself in the making of decisions on behalf of patients without their full consent or knowledge. (Burkhardt Nathaniel, 2008). Value systems, which includes a patients and family morals, play a factor in ethical decision making. Background Ann is seventy-seven-year-old that was diagnosed with moderately advanced Alzheimer’s disease two years ago. She has periods of confusion, frustration, anger and obsessive thinking. When Ann began to realize her health was deteriorating, she and her husband Frank discussed their wishes should anything happen to them. Ann stated she would not want to be hooked to a breathing machine if she had no chance of survival and no papers were ever signed regarding this. Frank sincerely loved Ann, they were married for sixty years. As Ann’s Alzheimer’s progressed, Frank started to take care of Ann by cooking for her and cleaning all while watching her health decline. Eventually, for Ann’s safety she was admitted to a long term care facility. After three weeks in the nursing facility Ann developed pneumonia and was transported to the local hospital and started onShow MoreRelatedThe Decline Of The 21st Century1527 Words   |  7 Pagesfuture Americans deal with end of life advanced dementia has not been nationally agreed upon. Not only will the increase of the elderly population cause the inevitable monetary burden on the healthcare system, it will bring us face to face with the ethical questions surrounding dementia. There are many forms dementia, the most common being Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). AD is a terminal brain disorder that gradually obliterates memory and critical thinking and ultimately the ability to perform the mostRead MoreEthical Principles That Were Neglected908 Words   |  4 PagesThere were multiple ethical principles that were neglected. To begin with, Beneficence was apparent when the family was feeding the patient despite what the physician and speech therapist had ordered. The physician and speech therapist both had bother had explained to the family why it was not safe to feed the patient due to the risk of aspiration pneumonia. Beneficence mean to do good (Ethical principles, 2016). The family went against what medical professionals had advised the family on whatRead MoreThe Effects Of Artificial Nutrition On Health Professionals981 Words   |  4 Pageshospital and being denied your right to have food and water. While it is known that adequate fluid and nutrit ion is needed for survival, many health professionals are currently going through an ethical dilemma of whether or not to provide artificial tube feeding for patients with terminal diseases. This ethical decision that affects health professionals must take into consideration the recent research that opposes ANH for this population. These studies have demonstrated that artificial nutrition providesRead MoreEthical Decisions. Ethical Dilemmas Are A Common Incidence984 Words   |  4 PagesEthical Decisions Ethical dilemmas are a common incidence in the nursing practice. Many ethical dilemmas can arise in medical settings because of the conflict between patients, patient’s family, and institutions (Black, 2017). Since there are so many situations that are caused within the clinical settings, nurses have to think and make right decisions for patients to be safe by following the Code of Ethics. When nurses need to decide for the medical dilemmas, they have to think what values theyRead MoreEssay on Community Health Nursing Case Review1664 Words   |  7 Pagescure. The client appointed the family to make decisions regarding her health care when she is not capable of making those decisions. So when the nursing home director advised the family to start a feeding tube because the client could not swallow anymore, the family declined to have any type of feeding tube inserted. The family was aware that the client will starve to death. I believe the family made this crucial decision because they don’t want to see the client suffering from this disease processRead MoreTube Feeding Prolonging Life2291 Words   |  10 PagesAbstract This paper is written to discuss the ethical dilemma we come across when asking our self whether or not we should place a tube feeding in a patient with a history Alzheimer’s or Dementia. Will this prolong the patients’ life or just the inevitable death? Most often a decision needs to be made regarding the placement of a tube feeding. The question is not initiated by the patient themselves. This is the reason why educating our patients are so important. In this paper I will discussRead MoreHow Dnr Causes an Ethical Dilemma Essay1694 Words   |  7 PagesRunning Head: HOW DNR CAUSES AN ETHICAL DILEMMA How DNR Causes an Ethical Dilemma Deann Morgan HCA 322, Health Care Ethics and Medical Law Dr. David Cole January 22, 2010 Abstract This paper will present an argument of how the process of do not resuscitate (DNR) results in an ethical dilemma for workers in the healthcare field. In presenting the argument, thisRead MoreAn Ethical Case Study On End Of Life Care2332 Words   |  10 PagesTo Feed or Not to Feed: An Ethical Case Study on End of Life Care Before the advancement of medical technology to prolong the lives of patients with lethal conditions, end-of-life care did not involve many discussions of ethics or morals. Even just a hundred years ago, it was common to speak of letting nature run its course. Today, patients and their relatives have many more options to utilize medical devices in hospital intensive care units to prolong life, whether that entails resuscitation, ventilationRead MoreFeeding Tube Refusal Dilemma Essay1078 Words   |  5 PagesFeeding Tube Refusal Dilemma A 28 year old female with cerebral palsy and debilitating arthritis is in the hospital for treatment. She is immobile and unable to perform basic tasks on her own. Due to her condition, she is having trouble eating and in order to help, the doctor believes that a feeding tube (PEG tube) should be surgically inserted. When told about the treatment, the patient refuses surgery. She is deemed competent and understands her situation. In this situation, I propose that theRead MoreWgu Ethical Leadership C206 Vot2 Task 1 Essay2151 Words   |  9 PagesEthical Lens and Dilemmas Ethical Leadership C206 April 4th, 2015 Ethical Lens and Dilemmas Ethics is the guiding force in any respectable organization. With a moral compass, especially in the leadership of organization, a company can become compromised and fall into a quagmire of legal issues, a tarnished reputation, and devaluation of company stock if it is a publically traded company. In pursuit of examine my own ethical lens I will analyze the ethical traits of an admired

International Criminal Law And International Law - 3486 Words

Introduction: International Criminal Law can be described as a public international law. It deals with international and transnational crimes among the member states. The International Criminal Laws are designed to forbid some kinds of conducts or behaviours generally viewed as very consequential atrocities. These laws also make sure that the perpetrators of such heinous criminal conducts are accountable for their acts. Mainly, the International Criminal Law deals with war crimes, genocide, crimes of aggression and the crimes against humanity. Besides, the International Criminal Court (ICC) governed by the Rome Statute, which is a multilateral treaty and serves as a foundational and governing document of ICC. Another way, it can be described as an intergovernmental organisation and international tribunal. The ICC is the headway through which International criminal law develops since its inception. It is situated in The Hague in Netherlands. Currently, there are 122 states which are parties to the Rome Statute, by ratifying the Rome Statute, states become member states of the ICC. The International Criminal Law (ICL) has been started performing with Nuremberg Tribunal for War Criminals after 1945. Actually, the Nuremberg and Tokyo trials addressed war crimes, crimes against peace, and crimes against humanity committed during the Second World War@. The International Military Tribunal sat in Nuremberg, which prosecuted Germany perpetrators while the International MilitaryShow MoreRelatedInternational And Domestic Criminal Law5379 Words   |  22 Pages30515 ] Security experts, academics and legal scholars thus have focused on examining challenges in cybersecurity using international and domestic criminal law, telecommunications law, International Humanitarian Law (also known as the Law of Armed Conflict) and ethical studies as frames of reference. Developing legal insights regarding cyberwarfare and international law led to the release of the ?Tallinn Manual?, produced by the NATO Cyber Defense Center for Excellence in 2013 as a continuingRead MoreThe Armenian Genocide Committed By The Ottoman Empire1579 Words   |  7 PagesNazis in World War II shocked the conscience of the international community and led to the creation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), in order to hold the perpetrators of crimes of this magnitude accountable. In its preamble, the UN charter sets the objective to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained. The genocide committed by the OttomanRead MoreOffice Of The Prosecutor : An Investigation Into The Events That Took Place2530 Words   |  11 Pagesactors with high authority in thearea andthe usemilitary means. This is evidenced by the the military force and federal police being deployed by the President Hardlein, who has authority over Minoropolis in the federal state of Minora. Under international law, a war crime takes place during an armed conflict. Internal disturbances are provided for under Rome Statute (Article 8(2) (c)-(f)), andbyjurisprudence.A war crime requires that the sides involved in the conflict are organized and engaged inRead MoreCrimes Against Humanity : Genocide1414 Words   |  6 Pagesagainst Humanity final Name: Institution: â€Æ' Crimes against humanity Introduction The law is credited with ensuring that people get justice and fair treatment in the legal system. The law prohibits the occurrence of different forms of crimes by prosecuting people that are found to participate in such incidences. One of the areas that have continued to have significance across the globe is international legal systems. Different crimes have been experienced in some parts of the world includingRead MoreInternational Law On Sexual Violence1573 Words   |  7 PagesInternational Law on Sexual Violence in Congo Roody Mossimi Dr. Bruce Stanley Politics of International Law INR 6210 15th December 2015 Richmond the American international University in London This essay will discuss about the problems within international law which revolves around sexual violence and using the Democratic Republic of Congo as a case study. In addition, the essay will explain about who is accountable, how to obtain witnesses and provide recommendationsRead MoreV Royal Dutch Petroleum Co. Legal Brief1219 Words   |  5 PagesPetroleum Co., 569 U.S. Facts: Plaintiffs are residents of Nigeria, who claim that Dutch, British, and Nigerian corporations engaged in aggressive oil exploration and production, aided and abetted the Nigerian government in committing violations of the law of nations related to crimes against humanity and human rights abuses. Royal Dutch and Shell are parent companies incorporated in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom respectively; Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) is incorporated in NigeriaRead MoreThe International System And Contemporary International Law Essay1458 Words   |  6 Pagescontemporary international system and contemporary international law, the regulation of relations between sovereign states, by defending various principles that she claims will be violated by the potential formation of a â€Å"world government†. The principles that Delsol defends in response to recent steps toward a universal state are found in the works of modern thinker, Emer de Vattel, and medieval thinker, Thomas Aquinas. Furthermore, her critique of contemporary international law is complimentaryRead MoreUnited Law Of Public International Law1414 Words   |  6 PagesReport to International Law First concerning the fear that the concept of state sovereignty in public international law is frequently overlooked by politicians, the media and others. Introduction. International Law First has asked for a report concerning the impact of public international law on the concept of state sovereignty in the UK. This report will examine the limits that public international law imposes on state sovereignty and the effect that this has on the balance of power withinRead MoreEssay about International Laws766 Words   |  4 PagesFirst coined by English philosopher Jeremy Bentham, international law is customarily recognized as the law that regulates the affairs between sovereign states, the foremost issue of international law. Public international law only concerns itself with the issues of rights involving a number of nations, or nations and its people, or matters of other nations. It differs from private international law, which deals with dissimilarity between private individuals, natural and/or juridical, by developingRead MoreUn Convention Against Torture And Part II Of The 1949 Geneva Protocol990 Words   |  4 Pagesinhumane use of both physic al and psychological torture and a means of enhanced interrogation, Believing that mildly enhanced interrogation is an effective means of convicting criminals only if it is used in a humane way, Bearing in mind that every suspect of a crime is innocent until proven guilty, Declaring that no criminal case is ever justified in utilizing torture as a form of enhanced interrogation, Emphasizing the fact that enhanced interrogation escalates to torture due to a lack of monitoring

The Ancient Greek Iconoclast’s Philosophy of Education Free Essays

The basic philosophical foundation that supports the Socratic philosophy of education Socrates, in The Republic, begins his query by asking how is it best to live one†s life? He suggests the best life is lived in such a fashion that is conducive to creating a just society. Such a society is the one designed that is most conducive to justice, and therefore to happiness, as opposed to pleasure. Remember that happiness for the Greeks was not a matter of individual self-fulfillment. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ancient Greek Iconoclast’s Philosophy of Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now Rather, Socrates considered happiness as fulfilling one†s most fitting vocational role in society. Socrates defined a society that is best in autocratic terms-a cobbler should not rule, and a potential ruler or philosopher should not make shoes, because this is antithetical to their natural abilities and fitness. But although Socrates advocated oligarchy as the fittest system of governance, he did not advocate aristocracy. In one of his earlier dialogues, called the â€Å"Meno,† Socrates is shown leading a slave boy through mathematical proofs. With correct prompting the boy is thus able to recover innate knowledge about the world. Thus Socrates saw intellectual gifts as intrinsic to the human mind and not necessarily based on the ability of the tutor. This is why Socrates did not charge for his teachings, unlike the Sophists. (Kemerling, 2002,†Socrates,† The Philosophy Pages) But to accept the Socratic doctrine one must also believe that potential intellectual abilities are not democratically bestowed upon individuals as suggested by the Sophists, who aimed to teach all people to rhetorically please the people in the law courts and in the political sphere, by using clever phrases. Socrates believed that there was an inherent paradox in acquring knowledge â€Å"the most fundamental questions about our own nature and function,† are actually unaswerable and undemonstratable by common rhetorical devices, therefore â€Å"it seems impossible for us to learn anything. The only escape, Socrates proposed, is to acknowledge â€Å"that we already know what we need to know.† (Kemerling, 2002, â€Å"Plato: Immortality and the Forms-Doctrine of Recollection,† Philosophy Pages) How does this philosophy define the roles of teacher? From the â€Å"Meno† cited above, it might seem that Socrates saw himself primarily as a questioner and a facilitator of the recollection innate gifts. â€Å"The dialogue form was probably invented by Plato† to portray the Socratic method, otherwise known as the dialectic.† (Huffman, 2005) The method known as the Socratic method of teaching, still practiced in many schools (particularly law schools) today, â€Å"consisted of asking questions like ‘What is courage?† of people who were confident of the answer. Socrates, claiming ignorance of the answers to the questions, would gradually show the people’s beliefs to be contradictory. Socrates did not answer his questions, though much could be learned from the course of the discussion.† (Huffman, 2005) How will this philosophy guide the learning expectations in a classroom? Using questions places the teacher in some authority, as the teacher directs the discussion through involved questioning. However, it also demands a great deal of preparedness and attentiveness on the part of the student, combined with a willingness to question what the student†s society may deem to be common sense. Students of innately high ability are supposed to continually excel, to justify the teacher†s expectations of the student’s gifts. Ultimately, this questioning of common sense doctrine resulted in the condemnation of Socrates for corrupting the youth of Athens and of questioning the piety of the Greek gods. (Huffman, 2005) How will this philosophy exemplify the high standards of teaching? On one hand, the Socratic dialectic may seem to be an equalizing form of philosophy. Anyone can answer the questions of the teacher. But because the method stresses student recollection, rather than the teacher†s ability to mold or impart knowledge upon a blank slate, it did not function as such in Socrates† actual practice. The Republic, the delineation of the ideal state, advances a tiered division of society, mimicking the division of the body into soul, heart, and lower regions-rulers are innately of the mind, warriors of the heart or hands, and laborers of the lower regions of the body. â€Å"Only those with a philosophical temperament, Plato supposed, are competent to judge between what merely seems to be the case and what really is, between the misleading, transient appearances of sensible objects and the the permanent reality of unchanging, abstract forms.† (Kemerling, 2002, Philsophy Pages, â€Å"Plato: Education and the Value of Justice†) How will this philosophy address public expectations concerning student achievement? Accountability? In the world of the Republic, students of high levels of ability do not necessarily have empowerment over their education. Although they are subjected to rigorous Socratic questioning, they are also kept away from members of other classes of society, and not permitted to be corrupted by fairytales and myths that could take them away from their innate gifts of purely understanding the nature of virtue and the world of the forms. â€Å"Perhaps our best alternative, Socrates held, is to suppose that virtue is a (divinely bestowed?) true opinion that merely happens to lack the sort of rational justification which would earn it the status of certain knowledge,† and therefore virtue is unteachable. (Kemerling, 2002, â€Å"Plato: Immortality and the Forms-Doctrine of Recollection,† Philosophy Pages) Student achievement thus ultimately lies in the ability of the student, and the accountability of the teacher lies in his or her ability to select the correct student for the correct form of learning, rather than his or function as a teacher in the classroom. How to cite The Ancient Greek Iconoclast’s Philosophy of Education, Papers

Professional and Ethical Business Practice-Samples for Students

Question: How you will use the knowledge learnt in the future as an IT Professional. Answer: The IT ethics in the business organization is an integral part for the success of the company in the market. Ethics are the set of beliefs regarding the right or wrong behavior of an individual in a society (Carroll and Buchholtz 2014). According to me, ethics is the way of behaving with someone in the society. I think that the ethical values varies with age, culture, religion, gender and life-experiences. The integrity is the acting in the ethical values and personal code of principles. There are some differences among the ethics, morals and laws. I think that morals are the beliefs about right or wrong. The ethics is the standards and codes for a behavior by individual or group. On the other hand, I think that laws are the system of rules enforced on an individual of society. The business organization have to follow the ethical values in their operations. I think that CSR has helped in maintaining the ethical issues in the IT business. I will use the code of ethics and social audit have helped in maintaining the ethical issues in the business organization. I think that the business organization have encouraged their employees to attain a proper ethical responsibility. There are various ethical issues between the It employers and employee. I think that the certification if the It professional increases the effectiveness and reliability of information system. I think IT companies have developed their ethical policies to manage audit committee and internal audit team. I think the ethics and values have an important part in the decision-making process of the company. Reference Carroll, A. and Buchholtz, A., 2014.Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. Nelson Education.

The Male Versus Female Power Struggle Between Two Character In Etta Jo

The male versus female power struggle between two character in Etta johnson, an excerpt from gloria naylor's novel The Woman of brewster place: A novel in seven stories illustrates the conflict of character's expectration. Both etta mae johnson and Rev. morelond woods want different futeres for thier relationship. etta johnson is looking for a long term relationship that involes marriage. Rev. woods want a now and later relationship that involves having sex now and possibly revisiting his partner later without being committrd to that person. Rev. Moreland wood does have totally different motives for their relationship. tta johnson is jobless and looking for a man to take care of her. Etta friend Mattie adised her to meet a, man who'd be serious about settling down with you(330) Mattie does not feel that the preacher is a good candidate for marriage, but etta is content with her efforts to cause the residents of Brewster to, be humming a different tune whe (she show up there the wife of a big preacher(331) Etta learns that she she is used for sex as power is not powerful enough to cause the Rev. to want to marry her. Rev. woods is looking for something less committing that marriage. woods is looking for a one time event and thinks of his encounter with etta as agame. Rev. woods calls etta worldy women(333) and commends her on her knowledge and understanding the tempory weakness of the flesh and don't make it out to be something bigger than is although she does want more. Rev Mouland Woods does get what he wants from this relationship, sex. Etta johnson is the loser of the power struggles and also of her pride. After getting out of Rev. woods car, Etta stands on the corner in a slumped position as the rev observers her in his rearview mirror this picture of her, caused him to press down onthe accelerator,(333)illustrates his fear of commitment. etta's broken spirit(333) shower her disappointment of not finding love, commitment and someone who cares for her. Although the two character have different motives, they both gained something from their experience. Rev. woods get what he is seeking , a sexual relationship without commitment. Etta johnson does not get a proposal of marriage, but she does get a reality check resulting inher knowledge of her fate. rev. woods is the benefactor of this power struggle.

32 Interesting Facts About Princess Diana

32 Interesting Facts About Princess Diana Diana was popularly called Princess Diana, but this is not her proper title. Before marriage, and after her father became Earl, she was Lady Diana. After marriage, she was Diana, Princess of Wales. She was permitted to keep that title, though not Her Royal Highness, after her divorce from Prince Charles. Lady Diana had an aristocratic upbringing in England and quickly became an adored member of the British royal family. Her passions included interest in music, dance, and children. Diana passed away in a tragic car crash in 1997 while visiting Paris, during an escape from the paparazzi, where it was soon discovered that the driver of her taxi was under the influence of alcohol. 32 Interesting Facts About Princess Diana Diana, Princess of Wales, was 510 tall.Diana was a commoner and not royal at her marriage. She was, however, part of the British aristocracy, descended from King Charles II.Dianas traces her lineage to King Charles II through her father. Diana was related to Winston Churchill and 10 U.S. presidents: George Washington, John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Calvin Coolidge, Millard Fillmore, Rutherford B. Hayes, Grover Cleveland, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and both Bush presidents.  She was also related to the actor Humphrey Bogart.Her stepmother was the daughter of famous romance novelist Barbara Cartland.She grew up with two sisters and two brothers.  The siblings were close in childhood.Charles dated one of Dianas older sisters before he dated Diana.Diana won an award at school for taking good care of her guinea pig.At school, she was talented in music and especially on the piano.After graduation, she took a course in cooking on the advice of her mother.Queen Elizabeth II is the godmotherà ‚  of Dianas brother. Four of Dianas ancestors were mistresses to British kings.Diana was the first British citizen to marry an heir to the British throne since 1659 when the future James II married Anne Hyde. Queen Elizabeth IIs mother was a British citizen, but when she married the future King George VI, he was not the heir apparent to the throne; his brother was.Prince Charles proposed at Buckingham Palace on February 3, 1981.At the time of her engagement, Diana was working in a preschool playgroup as an assistant.Dianas ring, with 14 solitaire diamonds and a 12-carat sapphire, is worn today by her sons wife, Kate Middleton.Diana was 12 years younger than Charles.Her wedding had a television audience of 750 million.Diana met several times with Mother Teresa, including in the Bronx, New York, in June of 1997. Ironically, Mother Teresas death on September 6, 1997, was practically eclipsed by the news surrounding Dianas funeral. Diana was buried with a set of rosary beads given to her by Mother Teresa. Prince Charles 1994 television interview with Jonathan Dimbleby drew a British audience of 14 million viewers. Dianas 1994 television interview on BBC drew 21 million viewers.Dianas tragic death has been compared to that of Marilyn Monroe and Princess Grace of Monaco. Diana attended Princess Graces funeral as her first official state visit abroad. Elton John adapted his tribute to Marilyn Monroe, Candle in the Wind, for Dianas funeral, and recorded the new version to raise money for causes Diana had supported.Some 2.5 billion people around the world saw at least some part of her funeral via television or in person.Her grave is on an island in an ornamental lake on her familys estate, Althorp Park. The site is surrounded with four black swans guarding the tomb and oak trees numbering 36, for the years of her life, are on the path to the grave.$150 million in donations were received in the week following the creation of the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund right after her death. This fund continues to support many causes that were important to her during her lifetime. Among many charities supported by Princess Diana was the International Campaign to Ban Landmines. This effort won a Nobel Peace Prize a few months after her death.Another issue important to Diana was HIV/AIDS. She worked to end the stigma against people with the illness and for equality and compassion for those affected.In 1977, Diana taught Charles to tap-dance. They did not start dating until 1980.While Charles loved polo and horses, Diana had little interest in horses after a fall from a horse. However, she developed an interest in her riding instructor, Major James Hewitt.In a 1995 BBC interview, during her separation from Charles and before their divorce, she admitted that she had committed adultery during her marriage.  This was after it was revealed that Charles had had an affair.Her autobiography details mental health issues including eating disorders and suicide attempts.Her divorce settlement included a lump sum of $22.5 million and an annual income of $600,000 per year t o continue funding her office. Diana was on the cover of Time magazine eight times, Newsweek seven times, and People magazine more than 50 times. When she was on the cover of a magazine, sales soared.Camilla Parker-Bowles, after her marriage to Prince Charles, could have used the title Princess of Wales but chose to use Duchess of Cornwall instead, deferring to the public association of the former title with Diana.

Media Law Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Media Law Assignment - Research Paper Example Bruce would minister to his father on the phone and his stepmother Edie would listen quietly. One morning Edie asked Bruce questions about Jesus and she agreed to receive Jesus. The complainant's allegation was that the newsletter had published the story online, and one of Edith's relatives had seen it. Edith Rapp claimed that Jews for Jesus falsely alleged that she had joined their organization. In the alternative, the complainant alleged that the organization had meant that she had come to believe in the philosophy, actions and tenet of Jews for Jesus. In her second amended complaint, Edith alleged among others, false light. The court at trial allowed Jews for Jesus to have the complaint dismissed, and several paragraphs to be struck from the complaint as the Fourth District court had said that the paragraphs were primarily polemical ' against Jews for Jesus. The trial court dismissed all the subsequent complaints by Edith Rapp. On appeal, the Fourth District addressed the issue of Rapp's dismissed claims. With regard to defamation, the court was of the view that the 'common mind' reading the newsletter would not find Edith an object of among others, ridicule. The court’s conclusion was communication would only be defamatory if the plaintiff was prejudiced in the eyes of "substantial and respectable minority of the community." The conclusion of the court was that the standard had not been applied. Nevertheless, the court affirmed the dismissal of his defamation claim on the basis of the community standard applicable. False light had its origin in the common law tort of invasion of privacy. William L. Prosser, a leading scholar in tort law expounded on the tort of invasion of privacy developed this area of law. Prosser's proposal was that invasion of privacy was made of four torts, which were distinct, and among them was false light. The Supreme Court found that elements of false light and defamation overlap. The Supreme Court argued that having the tes t of "highly offensive to a reasonable person" standard has the risk of preventing free speech because the conduct, which is prohibited, is not very clear. It was the court's opinion that the law of tort is meant to prevent as well as recompense wrongful conduct, then it should be clear in identifying the wrongful conduct. The court thus found the tort of false light could not pass that test. The area in which this taught differed with defamation was ambiguous and prone to a lot of subjectivity. The court found that having "highly offensive" information recognized even when a reasonable person would find it highly offensive involved a component of subjectivity. Based on the court's review of the law in Florida and other jurisdictions, it stated that it could not ignore the overlap between defamation and false light. Though the court acknowledged that in a majority of the states does recognize false light as a cause of action, what was striking was the fact that the review of this de cision revealed that no case, in which judgment was solely based on false light cause of action has ever been successful. In conclusion, the court declined to recognize false light as a suitable cause of action in the state of Florida and quashed the Fourth District's decision in reinstating Rapp's false light claim. 2. Intrusion Intrusion is based how a person from the media behaves. Intrusion thus depends less on

The Powers Given to the Police Force and How They Are Applied Term Paper

The Powers Given to the Police Force and How They Are Applied - Term Paper Example Policing is a noble activity that ensures that people live in harmony with one another. They make sure that people practice their right and at the same time give don't interfere with the rights of other people. Hence police cannot be taken as perfect but rather a major player in the sector of governance. Their role is just to ensure that people live in harmony with one another. In order to carry this role effectively, police are giving some power over the people. They are given the power to arrest those who do not act according to the requirements of the law. But in doing so they are guided by some principles which ensure that they keep ethics in their work. It doesn't mean that because police are given power over a citizen, they have to arbitrarily come and arrest others. They have to be guided by some principles in their work. The code of ethics is important in the world of police as it provides a guideline within which they should carry out their duties. It acts as a regulatory mechanism and a system of accountability for the police. Like the citizens are guided by the law that police force enforce, the police force is guided in its operation by a code of ethics which ensures that there are protocols that they have to observe in their work. (Frameer 2007, p. 90) It is rather absurd if the police force has to carry out their duties without observance of any code of ethics. They would exercise the powers that they are given in the world way. It is for this reason that the code of ethics for the police force becomes an indispensable tool that guides their operation. Therefore we have said that the police are given powers over the citizens to ensure that they keep to the requirements of the law. But is this power enough Do the police use the power they are given in the right manner Should they be given more power or should there be an accountability system.  

Phenomenology approach Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Phenomenology approach - Research Paper Example Its effects in academics and hands’ dependent activities hinder the victims’ performance levels and therefore put them at a disadvantage as compared to normal people (Nicholls and Jones, 2012). This research explores effects of technology in empowering people with fine motor skill disabilities in graphic design and is significant because an identified association will add value to the victims’ lives as well as to the scope of graphic design. The research explores the following question, The research’s sample consists of college students who have been diagnosed with the disability, their parents, and their lecturers. Students will be identified from their respective college health record and their parents and lecturers identified. This will form a sample space that will then be selected, randomly, to generate 27 participants with at least 11 students. Data will be collected through personal observations and interviews. Both data collection tools will be used to collect data from the students while interviews will be used to collect data from the sampled parents and lecturers. Observation will involve witnessing the students’ attitude towards technological aids for graphic designs and their achieved success in design under the technological aids while interviews will involve experiences with the students’ interactions with the aids (Johnson and Chrisensen,

Universal Diagnostic Criteria for Oral Lichen Planus

Universal Diagnostic Criteria for Oral Lichen Planus ABSTRACT: For years, dissentions and debates on the malignant transformation of oral lichen planus (OLP) have been sparked not only by a lack of an accurate diagnostic criteria but also due to the failure on our part in not following single universal one. In this short communication, we try to reiterate its importance, with a goal of making the clinicians and pathologists aware of its serious implications. Keywords: Oral lichen planus, oral lichenoid lesion, dysplasia BACKGROUND: The lack of a universal diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis of oral lichen planus (OLP) can be made accountable for the current scepticism and controversies over its malignant transformation. Van der meij et al have stressed for a need of a diagnostic criteria to be universally adopted for its firm diagnosis.1,2 A clinical and a histopathological definition of OLP was formulated by the WHO in 19783 (Table 1). Later, in 2003, van der Meij and van der Waal4, proposed a modification in the WHO criteria (Table 2), stating OLP diagnosis should be clinico-pathological. Results of Rad M et al’s4 study in 2009 showed higher clinicopathologic correlation in the diagnosis of OLP based on the modified criteria of OLP (van der Meij 2003) compared with the 1978 criteria. Studies in the past, and present have substantiated the malignant potential of OLP.6-9 So, now that we have evidence for its malignant transformation and a suitable criteria in hand, what could be the problem? 1978 WHO CRITERIA VS MODIFIED 2003 CRITERIA: There have been studies related to the malignant nature of OLP since 1924 by Williger et al. to a recent meta-analysis by Fitzpatrick SG et al8 in 2014. It has to be noted, that, over the years, the diagnostic criteria of OLP has undergone a number of significant changes. A criteria was agreed by WHO in 19783 and again modified in 2003 by van der Meij and van der Waal4. There are pathologists who still favour the 1978 criteria and others who follow the 2003 modified criteria. This difference in opinion among pathologists has a very significant bearing on the data collected in literature. What would have been an OLP to one pathologist following a particular criteria could seem to be an oral lichenoid lesion(OLL) to another following a different criteria. Let us consider the following hypothetical examples: Hypothetical scenario 1: Let us consider an OLP lesion clinically manifesting with white radiating striae unilaterally in the buccal mucosa. If the oral medicine and pathology specialists agree to follow the 2003 modified criteria(clinico-pathologic), then, this lesion being clinically compatible(unilateral), will have to be diagnosed as OLL, though it could be histologically typical of OLP. However, the diagnosis would be OLP according to the 1978 criteria. One should make note of the lines quoted by van der Meij and van der Waal4(2003), in their paper which says: â€Å" We do realise that application of these criteria will exclude a number of patients who actually may have the disease but do not meet the strict criteria.† This line has considerable relevance if we consider the above example. Also, if this in turn progresses to carcinoma, a false record of malignant transformation of OLL is generated,when in reality the lesion could possibly have been a true OLP. This example quoted, cannot be rejected on the grounds of being hypothetical, as there is every possibility of OLP manifesting unilaterally though it often manifests bilaterally. ABSENCE OF DYSPLASIA :AN EXCLUSION CRITERIA FOR OLP – IS THIS JUSTIFIED? The heated debate of OLP and dysplasia started with Krutchkoff and Eisenberg’s10 paper in 1985, â€Å"Lichenoid dysplasia: A distinct histopathologic entity†. While they could have been right about epithelial dysplasia with lichenoid features being misdiagnosed as OLP, the possibility of OLP showing dysplasia cannot be ruled out. The present 2003 modified criteria of OLP have dysplasia as an exclusion criteria. Van der Meij and van der Waal3 in their paper, in 2003, state that â€Å"To avoid confusion over the terminology- ‘Lichenoid Dysplasia’ we propose to regard the presence of epithelial dysplasia as an exclusion criterion for the histopathological diagnosis of OLP†. This is not convincing enough to make ‘absence of dysplasia’ as a criterion because, there is accumulating evidence of OLP’s malignant potential and it is rather logical to assume that it could manifest dyplastic features. In fact, exclusion of all lesions that re semble OLPs but exhibit epithelial dysplasia may lead to an underestimation of the rate of malignant transformation.11 This fact was restated by Mignona et al12 in 2007, where they reported severe epithelial dyaplasia and carcinoma in situ in their series of OLP. Rejecting a diagnosis of OLP solely due to the presence of dysplasia, therefore requires consideration. LICHENOID DYSPLASIA: Krutchkoff and Eisenberg’s conclusion of epithelial dysplasias manifesting with lichenoid features were substantiated in the recent papers published by Patil et al13 and Fitzpatrick et al14. Moreover, Patil et al13 observed features of dysplasia in OLP and OLL in their case series, further reiterating the malignant potential of these entities. These papers enlighten us about the co-existence of lichenoid features in OLP,OLL and epithelial dysplasia, further stamping the necessity for an accurate and universal diagnostic criteria for the distinction of these lesions. Also, the lesion, lichenoid dysplasia deserves some consideration and requires further appraisal by a panel of experts. Hypothetical scenario 2: Assuming there is a case of OLP manifesting bilaterally (clinically typical) and the histopathology, though being very typical, reveals dysplasia, what then, should it be diagnosed as? According to 2003 modified criteria, it should be branded as an OLL, since it is histologically compatible (shows dysplasia). But is this diagnosis justified? Pathologists would also consider other different diagnoses like: OLP with dysplasia, lichenoid dysplasia or simply, epithelial dysplasia. Hypothetical scenario 3: If a patient with a history of OLP, consults another pathologist, unaware of the fact that it has become dysplastic, he/she would again be diagnosed with OLL if the 2003 diagnostic criteria are followed. SIGNIFICANCE OF DIAGNOSING ORAL LICHENOID LESIONS: van der Meij et al4 proposed the designation OLL for cases that are clinically typical and histologically compatible, clinically compatible and histologically typical, or clinically and histologically compatible with OLP. As already stated and explained in the first hypothetical scenario, not all patients with OLP manifest with the classical bilateral white striae. In such situations, clinicians and pathologists must exercise prudence in blindly branding the lesion as OLL by strict adherence to the 2003 modified criteria. Whether the lesion to be diagnosed represents an OLP like disease can be suspected by other clinical manifestations like: manifestation in cancer-prone areas (floor of the mouth, lateral border and ventral surface of the tongue, retromolar trigone and soft palate–uvula complex), lesions accompanied or preceded by skin manifestations suggestive of other diseases like lupus erythematosus, lesions that have a plaque-type keratosis or a verruco-papillary nature and lesions that may have a possible etiology like restorations(silver amalgam) or drugs.10 Differentiating between OLP and OLL is very significant as both the lesions are potentially malignant. It becomes all the more pertinent as two prospective studies by van der Meij et al15,16 one in 2003 and one in 2007 showed that only OLLs in their many cases turned malignant. DIAGNOSIS OF CANDIDIASIS IN OLP PATIENTS: Culture studies have demonstrated Candida infection in 37% to 50% of OLP cases.17 There appears to be no differences in the frequency of Candida infection between ulcerated OLP and non-ulcerated OLP.18 Candida albicans produces nitrosamine which is harmful carcinogen. Thus, OLP and candidiasis together provide a fertile background for malignant transformation of oral epithelium. Moreover, candida albicans isolated from potentially malignant oral disorders are able to produce mutagenic amounts of carcinogenic acetaldehyde when exposed to substrates such as wine and ethanol.19 Thus, one cannot disregard oral candidiasis from OLP. Both the lesions together can act synergistically and/or additively in progression to oral squamous cell carcinoma. Hence, we believe that this association needs serious considerartion in the revision of diagnostic criteria of OLP. WHAT IF BOTH THE CRITERIA ARE FOLLOWED IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE GLOBE? This could possibly be the situation today as there is no universal consensus on any specific criteria to be followed. This would be a serious issue, as there would be a gross under or overestimation in the diagnosis of OLP or OLL, inadvertently leading to false data regarding its malignant potential. Studies done on the current topic by different institutions using different diagnostic criteria would generate contrasting data in literature precipitating confusion and controversies. UNIVERSAL DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA – THE NEED OF THE HOUR! So, how then, do we undo the debates surrounding the current issue? The answer lies in not only formulating more accurate diagnostic criteria but also in universally following them. Of course, further molecular or immunological studies on OLP would throw further light. We, in this commentary have tried to explain the possible demerits and confusions that could possibly arise if the current criteria are used and not universally followed. The 1978 WHO criteria may need more accuracy while the 2003 modified criteria could be rigid and strict. Devising an accurate criteria taking into consideration, the above mentioned points, would go a long way in eliminating the confusion and disputes surrounding OLP.

Summer 2005 :: Creative Writing Essays

It was finally here, the last day of school! For me, the last day of school was like being an emancipated slave. I was one of those kids that never liked school (I did pretty well though) and would much rather spend the day at home helping my mother around the house. For that reason, summertime was always my favorite time of the year (I even liked it more than Christmas time) I got up more excited about a day of school than ever before. I got washed and my mom put my hair into two neat puff balls. The year was 2005 and I was seven years old. Back then most girls in my class had their hair relaxed, but not me! It was fine though because I thought that my puffs made me look like Penny (Janet Jackson’s character on Good Times). Well the walk to school had never been as enjoyable as it was that day. As I skipped down the rugged blocks and across the rusty train tracks I thought about the oncoming freedom, and the thought had me singing in exultation. Once at school, we received all of our work back; nothing but stickers reciting praise. Report card; straight A’s. What a start to a wonderful summer! The bells of freedom finally rung at 2:00 p.m. and the halls of Mary McLeod Bethune Elementary School were in uproar. I ran outside to the school yard proclaiming that I had gotten straight A’s. Grown-ups that I didn’t even know were say ing â€Å"Good job†, â€Å"Harold needs tips from you†, â€Å"Gloria, that is the kind of friend you need†. My brother and sister and I raced home through the train tracks and the alley way. We all could not wait to enjoy the start of the summer. As soon as we got home we changed from our school clothes to our play clothes (we did that faithfully) and went right back outside. All of my neighbors were outside setting up for the annual 9th street block party. I was especially excited about that, because I’ve never been to one, and this year my parents agreed to let us go. Mr. King, our block captain was outside decorating the block with flags and banners. Everybody loved Mr. King; he was the mastermind behind anything good that ever happened on our small block. He was a tall, thin, middle-aged man who always wore an army green hat and kept a toothpick in his mouth.